Our review covered a range of modeling approaches for diffusion and individual adoption, illustrating different perspectives used in the literature.

We also broadly assessed the ability of conceptual models to support building numerical models. We described general adoption conceptual models originating from sociology, psychology, economics, and marketing and reviewed examples of models specifically defined for the study of adoption in agriculture. We conducted a review of conceptual models to clarify the concepts and approaches used in the practice of modeling adoption in agriculture. This diversity has resulted in a lack of convergence in the way adoption is defined, explained, and measured, causing agricultural extension and policy to rely on a body of literature that is often not able to offer clear recommendations on the variables or mechanisms that can be used to design interventions.

With at least 70 years of research in the adoption of agricultural innovations, there has been a proliferation of adoption models, both conceptual and numerical. Models can provide a structured way to think about adoption and provide a method to investigate the impacts of different factors in the adoption process.

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